What is the motherboard?

Motherboard, in computer science, the main circuit board in a computer. The most important computer chips and other electronic components that give function to a computer are located on the motherboard. The motherboard is a printed circuit board that connects the various elements on it through the use of traces, or electrical pathways. The motherboard is indispensable to the computer and provides the main computing capability.

Personal computers normally have one central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which is located with other chips on the motherboard. The manufacturer and model of the CPU chip carried by the motherboard is a key criterion for designating the speed and other capabilities of the computer. The CPU in many personal computers is not permanently attached to the motherboard, but is instead plugged into a socket so that it may be removed and upgraded.

Motherboards also contain important computing components, such as the basic input/output system (BIOS), which contains the basic set of instructions required to control the computer when it is first turned on; different types of memory chips such as random access memory (RAM) and cache memory; mouse, keyboard, and monitor control circuitry; and logic chips that control various parts of the computer’s function. Having as many of the key components of the computer as possible on the motherboard improves the speed and operation of the computer.

Users may expand their computer’s capability by inserting an expansion board into special expansion slots on the motherboard. Expansion slots are standard with nearly all personal computers and offer faster speed, better graphics capabilities, communication capability with other computers, and audio and video capabilities. Expansion slots come in either half or full size, and can transfer 8 or 16 bits (the smallest units of information that a computer can process) at a time, respectively.

The pathways that carry data on the motherboard are called buses. The amount of data that can be transmitted at one time between a device, such as a printer or monitor, and the CPU affects the speed at which programs run. For this reason, buses are designed to carry as much data as possible. To work properly, expansion boards must conform to bus standards such as integrated drive electronics (IDE), Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA), or small computer system interface (SCSI).